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B vitamins are a diverse group of water-soluble nutrients necessary for enzyme function throughout the body. They contribute to carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; cell division; nervous-system function; red blood cell formation; and methyl-donor pathways. Supplementation is especially relevant for preweaned calves. In early life calves rely heavily on a liquid diet for nutrient supply. As calves transition toward consuming more dry feed, microbial activity in the developing rumen increasingly contributes to B-vitamin production. But in the early weeks of life, the milk replacer needs to be a direct source of these nutrients.   Milk Replacer When we think about...

New work from the University of Florida is drawing attention to an underappreciated participant in the process of gut colonization. Secretory immunoglobulin A, or SIgA, is supplied through colostrum and milk. Schrag and colleagues have been investigating whether milk-derived SIgA does more than provide passive immune protection. Their work suggests that SIgA may also help guide which microbes become established in the developing rumen...

The liver helps cattle convert nutrients into usable energy, synthesize proteins, regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, and filters toxins from the blood. It also plays a major role in immune defense by producing proteins and enzymes that help protect the animal from pathogens. A healthy liver supports growth, reproduction, milk production, and feed efficiency...

A recent look at starter crude protein and methionine supplementation in post-weaned Holstein heifers reinforces a message that matters: the goal is not always more protein, but better use of protein. When amino acids are balanced correctly, calves may be able to support health and performance without simply pushing crude protein...

Heat stress in calves is a bigger issue than most people realize. While cows often get the most attention in summer because of the impact heat stress has on milk production, don't forget about the calves! Young calves can also be strongly affected by hot weather, especially when heat combines with humidity. Recent research shows that heat stress raises body temperature and breathing rate in calves, increases water intake, reduces growth efficiency, and can even disturb gut barrier function and contribute to inflammation.   Hydration One of the most consistent signs of heat stress in calves is increased water demand....